Importance of the most valuable habitat was underestimated by pellet group distributions, and value of less important habitat was overestimated.In an interesting turn of events, Utah has increased nonresident hunting fees starting on Jthrough House Bill 8. Relative distributions of deer and elk pellet groups differed significantly from actual habitat use by either animal. Deer resting behavior made them better adapted than elk to cope with biting insects. In contrast, deer generally retreated to specific beds which they used repeatedly throughout the summer. The fact that both species made considerable use of less preferred habitat, where consumption rates were "suboptimal", suggests that deer and elk are innately motivated to explore their environments for alternate food resources.Įlk generally preferred to bed near where they finished feeding, although always in close proximity to cover. In any case, consumption rates were highest on subunits the animals most preferred to graze. Elk had significantly greater digestive capacity than deer and were apparently better adapted to using a more diverse array of plant species as food. The reason deer used meadow bottoms less than elk is attributed to the deer's preference for a more digestible diet deer were generally more selective than elk, especially in meadow subunits where density of vegetation and abundance of nonpreferred grasses and sedges apparently interferred with forage selection and prevented maximum forage consumption rates. Clearcutting greatly increased deer and elk grazing use of these areas in the lodgepole pine type, but aspen clearcuts were used about equally to uncut aspen, even though forage production doubled. Aspen forest subunits were also preferred by deer. However, elk most preferred highly productive meadow bottoms, whereas deer most preferred less productive clearcut lodgepole pine. In either type, both deer and elk exhibited strong grazing preference for open habitat subunits. Crude protein values of diets in the aspen type were also determined monthly and compared with values reported for deer and elk in the lodgepole pine type. In particular, relative digestive capacities of deer versus elk were investigated by using rumen inocula from each species in the fermentation of that animal's diet, as well as in fermentation of the other species' diet. Species dry-weight compositions of monthly diets in the aspen type and lodgepole pine type were quantified by the bite count technique and used as basis for assessing consumption rates, intake and certain aspects of diet quality. Relative distributions of deer and elk fecal groups were also recorded and compared with actual distribution of the animals. Tame free-ranging mule deer and elk were observed for 24-hour periods biweekly through summer to determine their grazing and resting preferences for various habitat subunits. Specific purposes were 1) to determine where deer and elk, undisturbed by humans, prefer to graze and rest within these two types and 2) to consider what species- specific characteristics contribute to their differing forage and habitat preferences. This study examined feeding behaviors and habitat preferences of mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and elk ( Cervus canadensis nelsoni) in aspen ( Populus tremuloides) and lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta) types.
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